Edwin A. Locke

Journal Articles

1. Edwin A. Locke (2023). A Fictional Discussion Between the Late B. F. Skinner and Edwin A. Locke. Motivation Science, Vol. 90, No. 20.DOI
2. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2020). Building a theory by induction: The example of goal setting theory. Organizational Psychology Review, Vol. 100, No. 34.DOI
3. Michaela C. Schippers, Dominique Morisano, Edwin A. Locke, Ad W. A. Scheepers, Gary P. Latham, Elisabeth M. de Jong (2020). Writing about personal goals and plans regardless of goal type boosts academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 60.DOI
4. Edwin A. Locke, Kaspar Schattke (2019). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Time for Expansion and Clarification. Motivation Science, Vol. 50, No. 40.DOI
5. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2019). The Development of Goal Setting Theory: A Half Century Retrospective. Motivation Science, Vol. 50, No. 20.DOI
6. Edwin A. Locke (2019). What Makes Writing about Goals Work? Academy of Management Discoveries.DOI
7. Yong Heng (Angus) Yao, Edwin A. Locke, Muhammad Jamal (2018). On a combined theory of pay level satisfaction. Journal Of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 390, No. 4.DOI
8. Alexander D. Stajkovic, Albert Bandura, Edwin A. Locke, Dongseop Lee, Kayla Sergent (2018). Test of three conceptual models of influence of the big five personality traits and self-efficacy on academic performance: A meta-analytic path-analysis. Personality And Individual Differences, Vol. 120.DOI
9. Edwin A. Locke (2018). Long‑range thinking and goal‑directed action.
10. John L. Dennis, Edwin A. Locke (2017). Some observations on the puzzling world of self-regulation and depletion. Cogent Psychology.DOI
11. Cheryl J. Travers, Dominique Morisano, Edwin A. Locke (2015). Self-reflection, growth goals, and academic outcomes: A qualitative study. British Journal Of Educational Psychology, Vol. 850, No. 2.DOI
12. Edwin A. Locke (2015). Theory Building, Replication, and Behavioral Priming: Where Do We Need to Go From Here? Perspectives On Psychological Science, Vol. 100, No. 30.DOI
13. Gary P. Latham, Edwin A. Locke (2015). The Science and Practice of Goal Setting. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management.DOI
14. Aline D. Masuda, Edwin A. Locke, Kevin J. Williams (2014). The effects of simultaneous learning and performance goals on performance: An inductive exploration. Journal of Cognitive Psychology.DOI
15. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2013). Goal-Setting Theory. Encyclopedia of Management Theory.DOI
16. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2013). Goal setting theory: The current state.
17. Gary P. Latham, Edwin A. Locke (2013). Potential pitfalls in goal setting and how to avoid them.
18. Edwin A. Locke (2012). How to Build Successful Theories: The Overlooked Role of Induction. Academy of Management Proceedings.DOI
19. Edwin A. Locke (2012). Intrinsic, Extrinsic and Achievement Motivation: Similarities and Differences. Academy of Management Proceedings.DOI
20. Yongheng Angus Yao, Edwin A. Locke, Muhammed Jamal (2012). Comparing Four Approaches to Understanding the Proximal Determinants of Pay Level Satisfaction. Academy of Management Proceedings.DOI
21. Edwin A. Locke (2011). Construct validity vs. concept validity. Human Resource Management Review.DOI
22. Gary P. Latham, Deshani Buddhika Ganegoda, Edwin A. Locke (2011). Goal‐Setting.DOI
23. Abhishek Srivastava, Edwin A. Locke, Timothy A. Judge, John W. Adams (2010). Core self-evaluations as causes of satisfaction: The mediating role of seeking task complexity. Journal Of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 77, No. 20.DOI
24. Gary P. Latham, Alexander D. Stajkovic, Edwin A. Locke (2010). The Relevance and Viability of Subconscious Goals in the Workplace. Journal Of Management, Vol. 360, No. 10.DOI
25. Gary P. Latham, Edwin A. Locke (2009). Science and Ethics: What Should Count as Evidence Against the Use of Goal Setting? Academy Of Management Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 3.
26. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2009). Has Goal Setting Gone Wild, or Have Its Attackers Abandoned Good Scholarship? Academy Of Management Perspectives, Vol. 23, No. 1.DOI
27. Edwin A. Locke (2009). It's Time We Brought Introspection Out of the Closet. Perspectives On Psychological Science, Vol. 40, No. 10.DOI
28. Craig L. Pearce, Jay A. Conger, Edwin A. Locke (2008). Shared leadership theory. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 5.DOI
29. Edwin A. Locke (2008). The immoral assault on CEO pay. Academy of Management Perspectives.DOI
30. Edwin A. Locke (2007). The case for inductive theory building. Journal Of Management, Vol. 330, No. 60.DOI
31. Narda R. Quigley, Paul E. Tesluk, Edwin A. Locke, Kathryn M. Bartol (2007). [Review] A multilevel investigation of the motivational mechanisms underlying knowledge sharing and performance. Organization Science, Vol. 180, No. 10.DOI
32. Gary P. Latham, Edwin A. Locke (2007). New developments in and directions for goal-setting research. European Psychologist, Vol. 120, No. 40.DOI
33. Abhishek Srivastava, Kathryn M. Bartol, Edwin A. Locke (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Academy Of Management Journal, Vol. 49, No. 6.DOI
34. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. Current Directions In Psychological Science, Vol. 150, No. 50.DOI
35. Alexander D. Stajkovic, Edwin A. Locke, Eden S. Blair (2006). A first examination of the relationships between primed subconscious goals, assigned conscious goals, and task performance. Journal Of Applied Psychology, Vol. 910, No. 5.DOI
36. Edwin A. Locke (2006). Business ethics: A way out of the morass. Academy Of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 5, No. 3.DOI
37. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2006). Further Confusion in the Study of Self‐Regulation: Comments on Cervone, Shadel, Smith, and Fiori. Applied Psychology.DOI
38. Ronald F. Piccolo, Timothy A. Judge, Koji Takahashi, Naotaka Watanabe, Edwin A. Locke (2005). Core self‐evaluations in Japan: relative effects on job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and happiness. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
39. Edwin A. Locke (2005). Why emotional intelligence is an invalid concept. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
40. Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E. Bono, Amir Erez, Edwin A. Locke (2005). Core Self-Evaluations and Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Self-Concordance and Goal Attainment. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
41. Martin J. Gannon, Edwin A. Locke, Amit Kumar Gupta, Pino G. Audia, Amy L. Kristof‐Brown (2005). Cultural Metaphors as Frames of Reference for Nations: A Six-Country Study. International Studies of Management and Organization.DOI
42. J. Baum, Edwin A. Locke (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
43. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2004). What Should we do About Motivation Theory? Six Recommendations for the Twenty-First Century. Academy of Management Review.DOI
44. Michael Beer, Mark D. Cannon, James N. Baron, Patrick R. Dailey, Barry A. Gerhart, Herbert G. Heneman, Thomas A. Kochan, Gerald E. Ledford, Edwin A. Locke (2004). Promise and peril in implementing pay‐for‐performance. Human Resource Management.DOI
45. Christopher J. Collins, Paul John Hanges, Edwin A. Locke (2004). The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis. Human Performance.DOI
46. Edwin A. Locke (2004). Work Motivation. Elsevier eBooks.DOI
47. Pino G. Audia, Edwin A. Locke (2003). Benefiting from negative feedback. Human Resource Management Review.DOI
48. Scott A. Shane, Edwin A. Locke, Christopher J. Collins (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review.DOI
49. Edwin A. Locke (2002). The Epistemological Side of Teaching Management: Teaching Through Principles. Academy Of Management Learning & Education, Vol. 1, No. 2.DOI
50. Barry M. Goldman, Edwin A. Locke, Suzanne S. Masterson, Markus Groth, David G. Jensen (2002). Goal-Directedness and Personal Identity as Correlates of Life Outcomes. Psychological Reports.DOI
51. Bruce J. Avolio, Edwin A. Locke (2002). Contrasting different philosophies of leader motivation. The Leadership Quarterly.DOI
52. Gary P. Latham, Edwin A. Locke, Neil E. Fassina (2002). The High Performance Cycle: Standing the Test of Time.DOI
53. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist.DOI
54. Timothy A. Judge, Joyce E. Bono, Amir Erez, Edwin A. Locke, Carl J. Thoresen (2002). The scientific merit of valid measures of general concepts: Personality research and core self-evaluations.
55. Edwin A. Locke (2002). The dead end of postmodernism. American Psychologist.DOI
56. J. Baum, Edwin A. Locke, Ken G. Smith (2001). A Multidimensional Model of Venture Growth.DOI
57. D. Knight, C. C. Durham, Edwin A. Locke (2001). THE RELATIONSHIP OF TEAM GOALS, INCENTIVES, AND EFFICACY TO STRATEGIC RISK, TACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION, AND PERFORMANCE. Academy of Management Journal.DOI
58. Edwin A. Locke (2001). Self-set goals and self-efficacy as mediators of incentives and personality.DOI
59. Pino G. Audia, Edwin A. Locke, Ken G. Smith (2000). THE PARADOX OF SUCCESS: AN ARCHIVAL AND A LABORATORY STUDY OF STRATEGIC PERSISTENCE FOLLOWING RADICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE. Academy of Management Journal.DOI
60. Susan Schoenberger White, Edwin A. Locke (2000). Problems with the pygmalion effect and some proposed solutions. The Leadership Quarterly.DOI
61. Edwin A. Locke (2000). Motivation, Cognition, and Action: An Analysis of Studies of Task Goals and Knowledge. Applied Psychology.DOI
62. Cathy C. Durham, Edwin A. Locke, June M. L. Poon, Poppy Lauretta McLeod (2000). Effects of Group Goals and Time Pressure on Group Efficacy, Information-Seeking Strategy, and Performance. Human Performance.DOI
63. Dennis J. Cahill, Mark A. Mone, William McKinley, Vincent L. Barker, Richard M. Weiss, Edwin A. Locke, Thomas E. Becker (1998). Dialogue. Academy of Management Review.DOI
64. Timothy A. Judge, Edwin A. Locke, Cathy C. Durham, Avraham N. Kluger (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: The role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
65. Cathy C. Durham, Don Knight, Edwin A. Locke (1997). Effects of Leader Role, Team-Set Goal Difficulty, Efficacy, and Tactics on Team Effectiveness. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
66. Thomas W.-H. Lee, Edwin A. Locke, Soo H. Phan (1997). Explaining the Assigned Goal-Incentive Interaction: The Role of Self-Efficacy and Personal Goals. Journal of Management.DOI
67. John A. Wagner, Carrie R. Leana, Edwin A. Locke, David M. Schweiger (1997). Cognitive and motivational frameworks in U.S. research on participation: a meta-analysis of primary effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
68. Edwin A. Locke (1996). Motivation through conscious goal setting. Applied and Preventive Psychology.DOI
69. Edwin A. Locke, Amy L. Kristof‐Brown (1996). Volitional choices in the goal achievement process.
70. Edwin A. Locke, Jaana Woiceshyn (1995). Why businessmen should be honest: The argument from rational egoism. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
71. Bart S. Lerner, Edwin A. Locke (1995). The Effects of Goal Setting, Self-Efficacy, Competition, and Personal Traits on the Performance of an Endurance Task. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology.DOI
72. Judith A. Scully, Shelley A. Kirkpatrick, Edwin A. Locke (1995). Locus of Knowledge as a Determinant of the Effects of Participation on Performance, Affect, and Perceptions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
73. Edwin A. Locke (1995). The micro‐analysis of job satisfaction: Comments on Taber and Alliger. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
74. Edwin A. Locke, Vinod K. Jain (1995). ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING AND CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis.DOI
75. Edwin A. Locke (1994). The Emperor is Naked. Applied Psychology.DOI
76. Edwin A. Locke (1994). Comments on Weinberg and Weigand. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology.DOI
77. Edwin A. Locke (1994). "Goal setting in sport and exercise: A reaction to Locke": Comment.
78. Edwin A. Locke, Ken G. Smith, Miriam Erez, Dong-Ok Chah, Adam Schaffer (1994). The Effects of Intra-individual Goal Conflict on Performance. Journal of Management.DOI
79. Gary P. Latham, Dawn Winters, Edwin A. Locke (1994). Cognitive and motivational effects of participation: A mediator study. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
80. Edwin A. Locke (1993). Facts and Fallacies About Goal Theory: Reply to Deci. Psychological Science.DOI
81. Shelley A. Kirkpatrick, Edwin A. Locke (1992). The Development of Measures of Faculty Scholarship. Group & Organization Management.DOI
82. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (1992). Comments on McLeod, Liker, and Lobel. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science.DOI
83. Edwin A. Locke, M. Taylor (1991). 7. Stress, Coping, and the Meaning of Work.DOI
84. Gary P. Latham, Edwin A. Locke (1991). Self-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
85. Edwin A. Locke (1991). The motivation sequence, the motivation hub, and the motivation core. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
86. Cynthia Lee, Philip Bobko, P. Christopher Earley, Edwin A. Locke (1991). An empirical analysis of a goal setting questionnaire. Journal of Organizational Behavior.DOI
87. Edwin A. Locke (1991). Problems With Goal-Setting Research in Sports—and Their Solution. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology.DOI
88. Amelia A. Chesney, Edwin A. Locke (1991). RELATIONSHIP AMONG GOAL DIFFICULTY BUSINESS STRATEGIES, AND PERFORMANCE ON A COMPLEX MANAGEMENT SIMULATION TASK. Academy of Management Journal.DOI
89. Amelia A. Chesney, Edwin A. Locke (1991). Relationships Among Goal Difficulty, Business Strategies, and Performance On A Complex Management Simulation Task. Academy of Management Journal.DOI
90. Edwin A. Locke (1991). Goal theory vs. control theory: Contrasting approaches to understanding work motivation. Motivation and Emotion.DOI
91. Shelley A. Kirkpatick, Edwin A. Locke (1991). Leadership: do traits matter? Academy of Management Perspectives.DOI
92. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (1990). Work Motivation and Satisfaction: Light at the End of the Tunnel. Psychological Science.DOI
93. Ken G. Smith, Edwin A. Locke, David Barry (1990). Goal setting, planning, and organizational performance: An experimental simulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
94. Carrie R. Leana, Edwin A. Locke, David M. Schweiger (1990). Fact and Fiction in Analyzing Research on Participative Decision Making: A Critique of Cotton, Vollrath, Froggatt, Lengnick-Hall, and Jennings. Academy of Management Review.DOI
95. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (1990). Work motivation: The high performance cycle.
96. Edwin A. Locke, Dong-Ok Chah, Scott Harrison, Nancy Lustgarten (1989). Separating the effects of goal specificity from goal level. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
97. Edwin A. Locke (1989). Book Review EssayA review of Atlas Shrugged, by RandAyn. New York: Random House, 1957. Academy of Management Review.DOI
98. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham, Miriam Erez (1988). The Determinants of Goal Commitment. Academy of Management Review.DOI
99. Robert E. Wood, Edwin A. Locke (1987). The Relation of Self-Efficacy and Grade Goals to Academic Performance. Educational and Psychological Measurement.DOI
100. Robert O. Edmister, Edwin A. Locke (1987). THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENTIAL GOAL WEIGHTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A COMPLEX FINANCIAL TASK. Personnel Psychology.DOI
101. Edwin A. Locke, Richard L. Somers (1987). THE EFFECTS OF GOAL EMPHASIS ON PERFORMANCE ON A COMPLEX TASK[1]. Journal of Management Studies.DOI
102. Edwin A. Locke (1987). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social-Cognitive ViewSocial Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social-Cognitive View, by Bandura Albert. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986, 617 pp., cloth. Academy of Management Review.DOI
103. Edwin A. Locke, Stephan J. Motowidlo, Philip Bobko (1986). Using Self-Efficacy Theory to Resolve the Conflict Between Goal-Setting Theory and Expectancy Theory in Organizational Behavior and Industrial/Organizational Psychology. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology.DOI
104. Richard L. Somers, Edwin A. Locke, Thomas C. Tuttle (1985). Adding competition to the management basics: An application in the defense department. National Productivity Review.DOI
105. David M. Schweiger, Carl R. Anderson, Edwin A. Locke (1985). Complex decision making: A longitudinal study of process and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes.DOI
106. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (1985). The Application of Goal Setting to Sports. Journal of Sport Psychology.DOI
107. Douglas Henne, Edwin A. Locke (1985). JOB DISSATISFACTION: WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES? International Journal of Psychology.DOI
108. Edwin A. Locke, Elizabeth Frederick, Elizabeth Buckner, Philip Bobko (1985). "Effect of previously assigned goals on self-set goals and performance": Correction to Locke, Frederick, Buckner, and Bobko. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
109. M. Susan Taylor, Edwin A. Locke, Cynthia Lee, Marilyn E. Gist (1984). Type A behavior and faculty research productivity: What are the mechanisms? Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.DOI
110. Edwin A. Locke, Elizabeth Frederick, Elizabeth Buckner, Philip Bobko (1984). Effect of previously assigned goals on self-set goals and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
111. Edwin A. Locke, Karyll N. Shaw (1984). Atkinson's Inverse-U Curve and the Missing Cognitive Variables. Psychological Reports.DOI
112. Edwin A. Locke, Elizabeth Frederick, Cynthia Lee, Philip Bobko (1984). Effect of self-efficacy, goals, and task strategies on task performance. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
113. Edwin A. Locke (1982). Relation of goal level to performance with a short work period and multiple goal levels. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
114. Edwin A. Locke (1982). The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor: An Evaluation. Academy of Management Review.DOI
115. Edwin A. Locke (1981). Comments on Neider: The issue of interpretation of experiments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.DOI
116. Frank M. White, Edwin A. Locke (1981). PERCEIVED DETERMINANTS OF HIGH AND LOW PRODUCTIVITY IN THREE OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS: A CRITICAL INCIDENT STUDY [1]. Journal of Management Studies.DOI
117. Edwin A. Locke, Karyll N. Shaw, Lise M. Saari, Gary P. Latham (1981). Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980. Psychological Bulletin.DOI
118. Carleton S. Bartlem, Edwin A. Locke (1981). The Coch and French Study: A Critique and Reinterpretation. Human Relations.DOI
119. Anthony J. Mento, Norman Cartledge, Edwin A. Locke (1980). Maryland vs Michigan vs Minnesota: Another look at the relationship of expectancy and goal difficulty to task performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.DOI
120. Edwin A. Locke (1980). Latham versus Komaki: A tale of two paradigms. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
121. Edwin A. Locke (1979). In Defense of the CorporationHessenRobert. In Defense of the Corporation (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, 1979) 133 pp., $7.95. Academy of Management Review.DOI
122. Edwin A. Locke (1979). Behavior modification is not cognitive?and other myths: A reply to Ledwidge. Cognitive Therapy and Research.DOI
123. Edwin A. Locke (1979). Myths in “The Myths of the Myths About Behavior Mod In Organizations”. Academy of Management Review.DOI
124. Edwin A. Locke (1978). The Ubiquity of the Technique of Goal Setting in Theories of and Approaches to Employee Motivation. Academy of Management Review.DOI
125. Edwin A. Locke, Anthony J. Mento, Bruce L. Katcher (1978). THE INTERACTION OF ABILITY AND MOTIVATION IN PERFORMANCE: AN EXPLORATION OF THE MEANING OF MODERATORS1. Personnel Psychology.DOI
126. Edwin A. Locke (1977). An Empirical Study of Lecture Note Taking among College Students. The Journal of Educational Research.DOI
127. Edwin A. Locke (1977). The Myths of Behavior Mod in Organizations. Academy of Management Review.DOI
128. Edwin A. Locke (1973). Satisfiers and dissatisfiers among white-collar and blue-collar employees. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
129. Edwin A. Locke (1972). Critical Analysis of the Concept of Causality in Behavioristic Psychology. Psychological Reports.DOI
130. Joseph Schneider, Edwin A. Locke (1971). A critique of Herzberg's incident classification system and a suggested revision. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.DOI
131. William H. Mobley, Edwin A. Locke (1970). The relationship of value importance to satisfaction. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.DOI
132. Edwin A. Locke, Judith F. Bryan (1969). Knowledge of score and goal level as determinants of work rate. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI
133. Edwin A. Locke, Norman Cartledge, Jeffrey Koeppel (1968). Motivational effects of knowledge of results: A goal-setting phenomenon? Psychological Bulletin.DOI
134. Edwin A. Locke (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.DOI
135. Edwin A. Locke, Judith F. Bryan, Lorne M. Kendall (1968). Goals and intentions as mediators of the effects of monetary incentives on behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology.DOI

Book Chapters

1. Edwin A. Locke, Gary P. Latham (2015). Breaking the Rules. Advances in motivation science.DOI
2. Edwin A. Locke (2001). Setting Goals for Life and Happiness.DOI
3. Edwin A. Locke, David Sirota, Alan D. Wolfson (1981). An Experimental Case Study of the Successes and Failures of Job Enrichment in a Government Agency. Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks.DOI