冯攀｜东南大学｜学者主页

2026

面向建筑结构储能的高能量密度水泥基锌–碘电池

陶广慧，冯攀，刘睿丹，袁龙，刘钊龙，王映祥

《硅酸盐学报》

2026

不同电解液体系下钢渣对水泥基材料结构储能性能的影响机理

刘睿丹，冯攀，袁龙，吴跃东，彭犇，缪昌文

《硅酸盐学报》

2026

面向多重界面过渡区的再生混凝土界面力学理论探索

肖建庄，俞才华，魏亚，刘清风，侯东帅，冯攀，李龙，朱建文，刘加平，肖绪文

《科学通报》

2026

基于可解释机器学习的混凝土碳化深度显式预测公式构建

李文佳，冯攀，刘新，谢辉，李迪宁

《硅酸盐学报》

2026

Role of initial pH on the formation and carbonation kinetics of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)

Yu-Xi Cai, Xin Liu, B. Lothenbach, Qi Zhang, Li-Jing Shao, Hong-Lei Chang, Pan Feng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2026

Alkali-free accelerators for shotcrete: A state-of-the-art review

Hui Xie, Xin Liu, Jia-Xin Liao, B. Lothenbach, F. Winnefeld, Xiao Liu, Xiang-Ming Kong, Dining Li, Wei Wang, Song Mu, Jin-Xiang Hong, Pan Feng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2026

How does aluminum sulfate-based alkali-free accelerator affect calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation in accelerated cement pastes?

Xin Liu, Dining Li, Hui Xie, Jia-Chen Yao, Xuyan Shen, Hao-Chuan Wang, Zhengyao Qu, Zuhua Zhang, Pan Feng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2026

Effect of linear water-soluble polymer chain length on the micro-nano structure and chloride diffusion behavior of polymer-modified calcium silicate hydrate

Lixia Zhao, Tangzhen Li, Pan Feng, Wenlong Wang, Guoqing Geng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2026

A comprehensive durability evaluation of in-situ polymerization modified sprayed mortar prepared on-site

Xin Liu, Zhen-Qi Yu, Hui Xie, Li-Jing Shao, Yi Zhang, Hao-Chuan Wang, Dining Li, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Pan Feng

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2026

Simulation-assisted determination of intrinsic permeability for transport-relevant pore structure characterization in cementitious materials containing water-soluble organic admixtures

Lixia Zhao, Tangzhen Li, Pan Feng, Chen Chen, Wenlong Wang, Guoqing Geng

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2026

Linking in-situ measurements to Vicat setting times in cementitious systems: A practical framework

Xin Liu, Dining Li, Hui Xie, Yi Zhang, Zhen-Qi Yu, Pan Feng

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2026

Upcycling Solid Waste to Flexible and Structural Energy Storage Resources-A Case Study of Red Mud Recycling

Ruidan Liu, Pan Feng, Zhaolong Liu, Long Yuan, Han-Ning Zhang, Guanghui Tao, Xian-jie Xie, Xiangyu Meng, Jian Chen

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2026

Kinetic control of polymerization and hydration for balancing toughness and early strength in acrylamide-modified sulphoaluminate cement via in-situ polymerization

Yi Zhang, Xin Liu, Li-Jing Shao, Hui Xie, Long Yuan, Zhen-Qi Yu, Pan Feng

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2026

Canaries nest-inspired assembly of organic-inorganic networks for shotcrete: A rapid setting and hardening strategy via biomimetic design

Zhen-Qi Yu, Xin Liu, Hui Xie, Li-Jing Shao, Yi Zhang, Hao-Chuan Wang, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Pan Feng

Cleaner Materials

DOI

2026

Engineering a Multi-Dimensional Thermally Conductive Network to Enhance the Thermo-Mechanical Stability of Concrete

Chen Chen, Xin Liu, Hui Xie, Li-Jing Shao, Long Yuan, Pan Feng

Materials

DOI

2026

Secondary stirring as a kinetic perturbation strategy for enhancing ultra-early strength in aluminum sulfate-accelerated cements

Hui Xie, Xin Liu, Yi Zhang, Zi-Hao Liu, Yuefeng Ma, Pan Feng

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2026

Unraveling the retardation effect of Pb2+ on C-S-H formation for effective lead waste stabilization in cement-based materials

Qi Liu, Gen Li, Pei-Liang Shen, Pan Feng, Li-Jing Shao, Long Jiang, Yong Tao, Chi-Sun Poon

Journal of Materials Chemistry A

DOI

2026

Research on Prediction Methods for Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficient Based on Random Forest and Deep Ensemble

Yifan Hu, Li Sun, Jinshu Gu, Pan Feng

Proceedings of the 2026 10th International Conference on Control Engineering and Artificial Intelligence

DOI

2026

Microstructure and mechanical performance enhancement of carbonated carbide slag by using sodium meta-aluminate

Qi Zhang, Xuyan Shen, Pei-Liang Shen, Pan Feng, Yi Jiang, Jiong-Huang He, Yong Zheng, Chi-Sun Poon

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2026

Quantifying the Role of Fiber Connectivity in Thermal Conductivity of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites

Chen Chen, Xin Liu, Li-Jing Shao, Hui Xie, Zhen-Qi Yu, Pan Feng

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2026

Self-healing effects on fracture toughness of multi-scale fiber-reinforced UHPC after exposure to high temperatures through multi-stage phase change material synergy

Yao Zhang, Pan Feng, Qing Chen, Weigang Zhao, Guo-Wen Sun, Qing-Hua Guo, Zhi-Guo Yan, Zheng-Wu Jiang, He-Hua Zhu

Cement & Concrete Composites

DOI

2025

纳米二氧化硅改性原位聚合水泥基材料的性能及强化机理

于桢琪，刘新，邵丽静，谢辉，张艺，王浩川，冯攀

《硅酸盐学报》

DOI

2025

多种富钙材料的碳化性能及其关键影响因素

张琪，冯攀，沈叙言，洪锦祥

《建筑材料学报》

2025

Contributions of ettringite, C-S-H, and free water to shotcrete's mechanical properties: Implications from equivalent cement pastes

Hao-Chuan Wang, Xin Liu, Chong Wang, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Pan Feng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2025

Novel strategies for ultra-early strengthening of shotcrete: Stage-wise kinetic control of hydration products

Hui Xie, Xin Liu, Hao-Chuan Wang, Zhen-Qi Yu, Li-Jing Shao, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Chong Wang, Pan Feng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2025

Unraveling the role of magnesium salts in liquid alkali-free accelerators: Insights into setting and early-age properties of accelerated cement pastes

Xin Liu, Dining Li, Ming-Qi Li, Hui Xie, Xiao-Han Yu, Hao-Chuan Wang, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Zuhua Zhang, Pan Feng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2025

A Parametric Study and Modelling of the Calcium to Silicate Ratio of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H)

Xuyan Shen, Pan Feng, Xiao-Han Xu, Qi Zhang, Chong-Chen Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects

DOI

2025

Multi-objective concrete mix design for sulfate attack resistance using interpretable machine learning predictions

Wenjiao Li, Pan Feng, Yiwei Zhang, Li Sun

Case Studies in Construction Materials

DOI

2025

Achieve rapid setting and great early strength of shotcrete by using ettringite carriers to disperse nano-SiO2

Hao-Chuan Wang, Xin Liu, Hui Xie, Chong Wang, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Pan Feng

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2025

Enhancement of toughness and bonding strength of sulfoaluminate cement-based repair materials via in-situ polymerization

Li-Jing Shao, Mingxin Liu, Qi Liu, Zhen-Qi Yu, Yi Zhang, Pan Feng

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2025

Mechanistic understanding of strength and microstructural evolution of in-situ polymerization modified cement pastes

Li-Jing Shao, Xin Liu, Pan Feng, Qi Liu, Chen Chen, Yi Zhang, Zhen-Qi Yu, Zhengyao Qu

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2025

Enhanced Adhesion Strength of Polyacrylamide-Tannic Hydrogel to Concrete Surface Through Reactive Particle Aggregation of Calcium Aluminate Cement

Shuaizu Gu, Yuan Hu, Dandan Sun, Jingwen Wang, Pan Feng, Junyuan Guo, Ling-Lin Xu, Kai Wu

Composites Communications

DOI

2025

Comparative Analysis of Carbonation Strengthening Mechanisms in Full Solid Waste Materials: Steel Slag vs. Carbide Slag

Qi Zhang, Pan Feng, Xuyan Shen, Yu-Xi Cai, Hou-Ru Zhen, Zhichao Liu

Cement & Concrete Composites

DOI

2025

Enhancing carbonation degree of full solid waste blocks with biochar while maintaining acceptable strength

Qi Zhang, Pan Feng, Xuyan Shen, Long Yuan, Guanghui Tao, Ruidan Liu

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2025

An Innovative Structural Energy Storage Solution using Fly Ash-Cement Composites for Net-zero Energy Buildings

Ruidan Liu, Pan Feng, Zhaolong Liu, Long Yuan, Guanghui Tao, Zhengqi Yu, Xiangyu Meng, Jian Chen

Cement & Concrete Composites

DOI

2025

Concrete: From infrastructure to structural energy storage

Pan Feng, Zhaolong Liu, Long Yuan, Xin Liu, Ruidan Liu, Guanghui Tao, Zhen-Qi Yu, Xiangyu Meng, Jian Chen, Qian-Ping Ran, Jin-Xiang Hong, Changwen Miao, Yang Lu, Jia-Ping Liu

Materials Today

DOI

2025

Investigation of fracture property of the fiber-reinforced cementitious composites casted using a novel fiber orientation method

Honglei Chang, Zihang Kong, Shu-Yuan Fan, Yu-Xi Cai, Feng Guo, Qianping Ran, Hong-Zhi Zhang, Pan Feng

Cement & Concrete Composites

DOI

2025

An improved micromechanical model for multiscale fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete: From hydration, dehydration to thermal damage

Yao Zhang, Pan Feng, Weigang Zhao, Guo-Wen Sun, Zhi-Guo Yan, He-Hua Zhu, J. Ju

International journal of damage mechanics

DOI

2025

Experimental study on the fracture behavior of a novel multi-scale fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete with hollow microspheres after high temperatures

Yao Zhang, Pan Feng, Shaoqin Zhang, Weigang Zhao, Zhi-Guo Yan, He-Hua Zhu, J. Ju

Engineering Fracture Mechanics

DOI

2024

Improved low-field NMR porosity characterization of cementitious materials containing water-soluble organic admixtures

Lixia Zhao, Pan Feng, Jin-Xiang Hong, Qi Liu, Guoqing Geng

Cement & Concrete Composites

DOI

2024

The Key Role of Water on the Transformation of the Precursors to nano-crystalline C-S-H

Xuyan Shen, Pan Feng, Qi Zhang, Yu-Xi Cai, Chen Chen, Xueqin Han, Weiwei Zhu, Jin-Xiang Hong, Jian Chen

Composites Part B: Engineering

DOI

2024

In-situ polymerization-modified cement composites: A critical review

Li-Jing Shao, Pan Feng, Qi Liu, Yi Zhang, Zhengqi Yu, Shi Yan

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2024

A critical review on the interaction between calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and different ions

Xin Liu, Pan Feng, Jin Chen, Qi Liu, Xiao-Han Yu, Yu-Xi Cai, Hong Zhu, Long-Bang Qing, Jin-Xiang Hong

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2024

The role of ettringite seeds in enhancing the ultra-early age strength of Portland cement containing aluminum sulfate accelerator

Hao-Chuan Wang, Pan Feng, Xin Liu, Jia-Shu Shi, Chong Wang, Wei Wang, Hua Li, Jin-Xiang Hong

Composites Part B: Engineering

DOI

2024

Stretchable, Reversible, and Self-Healable Poly(acrylic acid) and Cement Hydrate Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Pressure and Motion Sensing

Xin Liu, Dining Li, Jinhui Tang, Jiale Huang, Xiao-Han Yu, Hao-Chuan Wang, Pan Feng

ACS Applied Nano Materials

DOI

2024

A novel shotcrete accelerator prepared from industrial aluminum mud waste and its influence on cement hydration

Hui Xie, Pan Feng, Xiao Liu, Xin Liu, Wei Wang, Jin Chen, Hong Zhu, Jin-Xiang Hong

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2024

Flexural behavior of textile reinforced 3D printed concrete under quasi-static and dynamic impact loads

Yiming Yao, D. Bu, Jiamian Yu, Li-Jing Shao, Pan Feng, Cong Lu, Jingquan Wang

Case Studies in Construction Materials

DOI

2024

Mitigating chloride attack in cementitious materials without compromising other properties via the use of viscosity modifying admixture

Lixia Zhao, Pan Feng, Xuyan Shen, Hui Rong, Changwen Miao, Guo-Qing Geng

Cement & Concrete Composites

DOI

2024

Chloride Binding Capacity of Calcium Silicate Hydrates and Friedel’s Salt Influenced by Fly Ash, Slag, and Silica Fume

Hong-Lei Chang, Zhen-peng Guo, Shu-Yuan Fan, Zhaofeng Li, Feng Guo, Pan Feng

Journal of materials in civil engineering

DOI

2024

Developing Heat-Conductive Concrete with Graphite-Modified Recycled Aggregates

Chen Chen, Xin Liu, Zhaolong Liu, Li-Jing Shao, Honglei Chang, Qi Liu, Changwen Miao, Pan Feng

Composites Part B: Engineering

DOI

2024

A new strategy to enhance 3D printability of cement-based materials: in-situ polymerization

Li-Jing Shao, Zhaolong Liu, Qi Liu, Hao-Chuan Wang, Chong Wang, Wei Wang, Jin-Xiang Hong, Changwen Miao, Pan Feng

Additive Manufacturing

DOI

2024

A chloride diffusion model for cementitious material with pore-solution viscosity enhancement

Lixia Zhao, Pan Feng, Chen Chen, Qing Liu, Guoqing Geng

Journal of Building Engineering

DOI

2024

Multi-step nucleation of C-S-H: DFT simulation on silicate oligomerization and Si(Qn) evolution dynamics

Xuyan Shen, Pan Feng, Yiwei Zhang, F. D. de Souza, Wen-Hui Duan

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2024

Quantifying the immobilization mechanisms of heavy metals by Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H): The case of Cu2+

Qi Liu, Pan Feng, Li-Jing Shao, Chen Chen, Xin Liu, Yuefeng Ma, Lizhi Zhang, Guoqing Geng

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

2024

Assessment method of carbonation degree and activity of a wide range of calcium/magnesium containing solids

Qi Zhang, Pan Feng, Xuyan Shen, Yiwei Zhang, Si-Yuan Bian, T. Ling

Journal of Cleaner Production

DOI

2023

潮湿环境下原位聚合修补砂浆的黏接性能及增黏机理

邵丽静，冯攀，刘明星，王伟，洪锦祥，缪昌文

《东南大学学报(自然科学版)》

2023

原位聚合对3D打印砂浆力学性能的影响及机理

冯攀，刘钊龙，邵丽静，王伟，洪锦祥，缪昌文

《硅酸盐学报》

2023

基于课程思政的土木工程材料课程设计与实践

周扬，冯攀，蒋金洋，杨树东

《高等建筑教育》

2023

Performance-based alkali-activated seawater sea-sand concrete: Mixture optimization for mechanical, environmental, and economical objectives

Zhi-Yuan Yang, Xiewei Zhan, Hong Zhu, Bai Zhang, Pan Feng, Hubing Li, H. Kua

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

2023

Porous Calcium‐Silicate‐Hydrate as a Low‐Cost Nano‐Platform for Ultra‐High CO2 Capture and Storage

Min Liu, Yu-Xi Cai, Qi Liu, Xue Jin, Cheng Xue, Shuxin Zhang, Pan Feng, Yang-Hui Luo

Small Methods

DOI

2023

A review on performance improvement and multi-functionalization of cement composites using capsules

Li-Jing Shao, Pan Feng, Qi Liu, Chen Chen, Yu-Xi Cai, Guodong Xu

Construction and Building Materials

DOI

Simultaneous formation and decomposition of calcium silicate hydrate under carbonation in water

Yu-Xi Cai, Pan Feng, Xin Liu, Xuyan Shen, B. Lothenbach

Cement and Concrete Research

DOI

精选作品

期刊论文

面向建筑结构储能的高能量密度水泥基锌–碘电池

不同电解液体系下钢渣对水泥基材料结构储能性能的影响机理

面向多重界面过渡区的再生混凝土界面力学理论探索

基于可解释机器学习的混凝土碳化深度显式预测公式构建

Role of initial pH on the formation and carbonation kinetics of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H)

Alkali-free accelerators for shotcrete: A state-of-the-art review

How does aluminum sulfate-based alkali-free accelerator affect calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation in accelerated cement pastes?

Effect of linear water-soluble polymer chain length on the micro-nano structure and chloride diffusion behavior of polymer-modified calcium silicate hydrate

A comprehensive durability evaluation of in-situ polymerization modified sprayed mortar prepared on-site

Simulation-assisted determination of intrinsic permeability for transport-relevant pore structure characterization in cementitious materials containing water-soluble organic admixtures

Linking in-situ measurements to Vicat setting times in cementitious systems: A practical framework

Upcycling Solid Waste to Flexible and Structural Energy Storage Resources-A Case Study of Red Mud Recycling

Kinetic control of polymerization and hydration for balancing toughness and early strength in acrylamide-modified sulphoaluminate cement via in-situ polymerization

Canaries nest-inspired assembly of organic-inorganic networks for shotcrete: A rapid setting and hardening strategy via biomimetic design

Engineering a Multi-Dimensional Thermally Conductive Network to Enhance the Thermo-Mechanical Stability of Concrete

Secondary stirring as a kinetic perturbation strategy for enhancing ultra-early strength in aluminum sulfate-accelerated cements

Unraveling the retardation effect of Pb2+ on C-S-H formation for effective lead waste stabilization in cement-based materials

Research on Prediction Methods for Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficient Based on Random Forest and Deep Ensemble

Microstructure and mechanical performance enhancement of carbonated carbide slag by using sodium meta-aluminate

Quantifying the Role of Fiber Connectivity in Thermal Conductivity of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites

Self-healing effects on fracture toughness of multi-scale fiber-reinforced UHPC after exposure to high temperatures through multi-stage phase change material synergy

纳米二氧化硅改性原位聚合水泥基材料的性能及强化机理

多种富钙材料的碳化性能及其关键影响因素

Contributions of ettringite, C-S-H, and free water to shotcrete's mechanical properties: Implications from equivalent cement pastes

Novel strategies for ultra-early strengthening of shotcrete: Stage-wise kinetic control of hydration products

Unraveling the role of magnesium salts in liquid alkali-free accelerators: Insights into setting and early-age properties of accelerated cement pastes

A Parametric Study and Modelling of the Calcium to Silicate Ratio of Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H)

Multi-objective concrete mix design for sulfate attack resistance using interpretable machine learning predictions

Achieve rapid setting and great early strength of shotcrete by using ettringite carriers to disperse nano-SiO2

Enhancement of toughness and bonding strength of sulfoaluminate cement-based repair materials via in-situ polymerization

Mechanistic understanding of strength and microstructural evolution of in-situ polymerization modified cement pastes

Enhanced Adhesion Strength of Polyacrylamide-Tannic Hydrogel to Concrete Surface Through Reactive Particle Aggregation of Calcium Aluminate Cement

Comparative Analysis of Carbonation Strengthening Mechanisms in Full Solid Waste Materials: Steel Slag vs. Carbide Slag

Enhancing carbonation degree of full solid waste blocks with biochar while maintaining acceptable strength

An Innovative Structural Energy Storage Solution using Fly Ash-Cement Composites for Net-zero Energy Buildings

Concrete: From infrastructure to structural energy storage

Investigation of fracture property of the fiber-reinforced cementitious composites casted using a novel fiber orientation method

An improved micromechanical model for multiscale fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete: From hydration, dehydration to thermal damage

Experimental study on the fracture behavior of a novel multi-scale fiber reinforced ultra-high performance concrete with hollow microspheres after high temperatures

Improved low-field NMR porosity characterization of cementitious materials containing water-soluble organic admixtures

The Key Role of Water on the Transformation of the Precursors to nano-crystalline C-S-H

In-situ polymerization-modified cement composites: A critical review

A critical review on the interaction between calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and different ions

The role of ettringite seeds in enhancing the ultra-early age strength of Portland cement containing aluminum sulfate accelerator

Stretchable, Reversible, and Self-Healable Poly(acrylic acid) and Cement Hydrate Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Pressure and Motion Sensing

A novel shotcrete accelerator prepared from industrial aluminum mud waste and its influence on cement hydration

Flexural behavior of textile reinforced 3D printed concrete under quasi-static and dynamic impact loads

Mitigating chloride attack in cementitious materials without compromising other properties via the use of viscosity modifying admixture

Chloride Binding Capacity of Calcium Silicate Hydrates and Friedel’s Salt Influenced by Fly Ash, Slag, and Silica Fume

Developing Heat-Conductive Concrete with Graphite-Modified Recycled Aggregates

A new strategy to enhance 3D printability of cement-based materials: in-situ polymerization

A chloride diffusion model for cementitious material with pore-solution viscosity enhancement

Multi-step nucleation of C-S-H: DFT simulation on silicate oligomerization and Si(Qn) evolution dynamics

Quantifying the immobilization mechanisms of heavy metals by Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C-S-H): The case of Cu2+

Assessment method of carbonation degree and activity of a wide range of calcium/magnesium containing solids

潮湿环境下原位聚合修补砂浆的黏接性能及增黏机理

原位聚合对3D打印砂浆力学性能的影响及机理

基于课程思政的土木工程材料课程设计与实践

Performance-based alkali-activated seawater sea-sand concrete: Mixture optimization for mechanical, environmental, and economical objectives

Porous Calcium‐Silicate‐Hydrate as a Low‐Cost Nano‐Platform for Ultra‐High CO2 Capture and Storage

A review on performance improvement and multi-functionalization of cement composites using capsules

Simultaneous formation and decomposition of calcium silicate hydrate under carbonation in water

预印本

Efficient foundation decoders for fault-tolerant quantum computing

Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Quantum Error Correction Codes

Parallelizing Large-Scale Tensor Network Contraction on Multiple GPUs

CT-bMPS: Approximate Tensor Network Contraction with Boundary MPS on Contraction Trees

Exact Maximum Likelihood Decoding beyond Treewidth via Rank-Decomposition Dynamic Programming

Sampling hard circuits with verifiably high fidelity

Branch-and-Bound Tensor Networks for Exact Ground-State Characterization

Differentiable Maximum Likelihood Noise Estimation for Quantum Error Correction

Exact Decoding of Repetition Code under Circuit Level Noise

Integrating Neural Networks and Tensor Networks for Computing Free Energy

Free-Energy Machine for Combinatorial Optimization

Efficient Quantum Circuit Simulation by Tensor Network Methods on Modern GPUs

qecGPT: decoding Quantum Error-correcting Codes with Generative Pre-trained Transformers

Tensor Network Message Passing

Estimating properties of a quantum state by importance-sampled operator shadows